Overview

This article discusses this product, a kind of rubber sheet or membrane used in severe chemical conditions to guard against corrosion. Rubber Lining has a variety of uses, including acid, chemical, and alkali resistance, abrasion resistance, and infection prevention. Rubber sheets come in a variety of lengths and widths. These products are cut to the specifications of the buyer. They are made from a variety of rubber kinds. These sheets are pretty popular and may be used in various applications.

Rubber sheets come in various forms and sizes for general, industrial, and mining purposes. These sheets are also available in vulcanized black and colored sheets for technical and industrial applications. Rubber sheets with a smooth surface or a canvas-type print on both sides are other options. These sheet insertions are typically used in modest-pressure and static loads applications.

Rubber linings have been utilized successfully in phosphoric acid manufacturing, storage, and transportation equipment for many years. When the suitable material is chosen, and the application is made correctly, it is the most cost-effective material for avoiding corrosion.

Rubber linings provide superior corrosion prevention in some of the harshest chemical and abrasive conditions. Natural and butyl rubber linings are the best choice for hostile and abrasive settings since they can tolerate a range of high-concentration acids. Furthermore, a rubber lining’s flexibility allows it to easily tolerate heat expansion and contraction, as well as vibration.

There are many mixes for each polymer (natural rubber, broom-butyl, polychloroprene, nitrile) for each use. Hand-applied rubber linings in sheets. Chemical curing of rubber lining tanks and pipe systems is also possible without heat. When a heat cure is impossible or prohibitive, pre-cured tank liner sheet rubber is applied to flat substrates. Pressure vessels, tanker trailers, hoppers, chutes, tubing, impellers, filter plates, and valves are among the items that are frequently rubber lined, in addition to tanks. Each type of rubber liner has unique characteristics that must be understood. Different application procedures are required for each substrate.

Rubber lining is one of the tried-and-true solutions for protecting chemical process equipment against corrosive and abrasive flu – id assaults. One of its most essential features is the extraordinary resilience of natural rubber and modern synthetic rubber to caustic chemicals, gases, acids, alkalis, and other salt solutions.

Their usage for safeguarding chemical process equipment is generally acknowledged due to their exceptional corrosion resistance. Corrosion would be so widespread without such protection that most current technological items would be impossible to manufacture.

When the temperature rises to 100–120°C, the fluctuations, variances, and high percentages of corrosive contaminants have minimal effect on the rubber lining.

INTRODUCTION TO THE INSTALLATION OF RUBBER LININGS

To achieve a long and trouble-free service life, it is vital to have a thorough awareness of the various service circumstances, rubber linings suited for these situations, and proper application and curing techniques.

Why is rubber lining used?

Rubber lining is a rubber sheet or membrane used in severe chemical conditions to guard against corrosion. Rubber Lining has a variety of uses, including acid, chemical, and alkali resistance, abrasion resistance, and infection prevention.

The process of selecting the right material for a certain application is crucial to a lining project’s success. A thorough understanding of the process parameters for a rubber-lined system will provide the data needed to assure the lining materials’ maximum service life. The material definition and selection process is defined by communication between the owner, applicator, and manufacturer. This procedure aims to design the greatest rubber liner fit possible.

rubber lining process

Rubber lining applies and attaches rubber sheets to specifically prepared surfaces with precision. The rubber can be used as either an unvulcanised material that is subsequently vulcanised and hot bonded – commonly in a steam autoclave – or as a prevulcanised material that is cold bonded using two-part adhesives. The completely bonded liner creates a tough and durable protective rubber layer that can resist the most demanding conditions and applications.

Rubber Linings and Coatings are available in thicknesses ranging from 2mm to 50mm and can be bonded to mild steel, stainless steel, cast iron, and aluminum, depending on the application.

rubber lining procedure

Rubber linings have a substantial and cost-effective application as barrier materials for corrosion management, thermal shock, abrasion resistance, and as system sealing components. Rubber lining materials are typically designed for static resistance to penetration by non-organic process fluids. Elastomers are especially suited to numerous coating applications due to their ability to attach strongly to diverse substrates during the vulcanizing process and their inherent elongation and tensile strength features. Thermal expansion and contraction produce a dynamic regime for which elasomeric coatings are ideally suited in environmental service, which exposes tanks to daily and seasonal temperature changes. Because most elastomers have poor heat conductivity by nature, they can also act against thermal shock. Another feature that makes elastomeric linings popular in many applications is their resilience to abrasion. Slurries in the pipe, agitator/tank applications, pump housings, and equipment subjected to process fluid impingement are all examples of applications that frequently need rubber linings with particular qualities. Elastomers can give an engineering solution in tank and pipe linings when the component equipment demands sealing capabilities without extra sealing systems. Using rubber linings necessitates the lined components being compatible with the application procedure. The need for substrate cleaning to a white blast finish, the capacity to endure vulcanization cure temperatures, accessibility to work for crews, and site constraints all influence the specification of lining materials within the process environment.

rubber lining specification

One of the most appealing features of rubber lining is removing or stripping old linings as they reach the end of their useful life and replacing them with a brand new rubber lining. The plant might be relined on-site or transported to a rubber lining manufacturer, depending on the conditions. The relining option offers several advantages, including reducing the costs and time necessary to a) construct new equipment and b) destroy other plants and infrastructure in order to install new equipment. If the item is relined on site, there are cost savings in raw materials and fabrication, downtime and production disruption, and transportation expenses. These savings can be both ecologically benign and beneficial to the rubber-lined plant’s end customer.

Relining of a plant is commonly used in a variety of applications, including water treatment vessels in power plants and other industrial/manufacturing sites where the cost of removing vessels would be prohibitive; quarrying, dredging, and sand washing plant that is subject to high levels of wear and vibratory finishing machines in the metal finishing industry.

Rubber-Lined Products

• Flow Meters and Agitators
• Vessels for Chemical Processing
• Pump Components for Hoppers and Chutes
• Steel Fittings & Piping
• Tanks for storage
• Valves
• Tanks for water treatment

SELECTING RUBBER LININGS MATERIAL

• When choosing a rubber liner, one must consider all of the service circumstances. Consider the following factors:
• Makeup and chemical
• Temperature Acid concentration Vacuum service or static storage
• Solids that might induce abrasion in the system
• The tank’s heating coils
• Other additives, such as defoamers
• types of rubber lining

Mills are classified into several categories.

Rubber linings can be used in wet grinding mills in general. The company’s diverse operational scope includes everything from coarse-grinding autogenous mills to fine-grinding ball mills.

Dry grinding is also possible with rubber lining. However, it is much more critical to define the proper process formulation and continually monitor the mill’s grinding parameters and temperature.

In the following mills, rubber liner applications have shown reliable results:

•     Autogenous Mills
•     Semi-Autogenous Mills
•     Rod Mills
•     Ball Mills
•     Pebble Mills
•     Cylpeb Mills
•     Cone Mills
•     Batch Mills
•     Washing trommels with customized designs

The Benefits of Rubber Mill Linings

• Adaptation to cold temperatures
• Structure and wear resistance
• A high level of usefulness
• Improved working conditions as a result of lower noise levels
• Ensured operation
• Corrosion-resistant
• Temperature resistance up to 80°C Lightweight
• Assembly is quick, simple, and secure.
• Grinding unit cost is lower (when compared to steel).

Rubber and steel linings are compared.

Rubber linings outperform steel linings in several ways. The primary benefits are outlined below.

LIFESPAN ACTIVE

Rubber liner and lifter bars have an active lifespan of 1-5 times that of steel. Because the rubber linings wear less, the mill has a better grinding capacity and performance per unit time. Steel lifterbars put in the most worn-out areas of the autogenous mill operated for 600 hours and processed 75,000 tones of ore before their active lifespan ended. In contrast, rubber lifter bars installed in the same position worked for at least 2700 hours and processed 390,000 tons of ore.

WEIGHT

Rubber mill linings are roughly 75% lighter than steel linings, reducing failures in mill bearings and the lubrication system.

SEALING

The perforations in the steel liner and lifterbars are prone to distortion. Leaks caused by this can enter mill bearings and cause damage. On the other hand, Rubber linings offer flawless sealing with no distortion.

DAMPING OF NOISE

They promote a healthier working environment due to the rubber’s ability to isolate and absorb sounds.

COST-EFFECTIVENESS

Rubber linings always have lower unit costs (ground ore per ton) than steel linings

TIPS FOR CORROSION-RESISTANT RUBBER LINING

When shipping or storing chemical assets with corrosive tendencies, it’s critical to protect your tank, vessel, or storage container.

Choosing the incorrect corrosion resistant rubber liner might result in a catastrophic failure, losing you time, money, and effort. Not to mention the safety of your employees, who might be put in danger if the liner fails.

If corrosion protection is an issue at your plant, these four lining characteristics will be critical in your material decision.

1. Duration of life

The longevity of a corrosion resistant rubber liner is determined by a variety of elements. Blair Rubber Co. linings in chemical applications generally last 10-20 years with appropriate installation and frequent maintenance. The substance being stored and its concentration are two apparent factors that might affect the longevity of your corrosion resistant liner. Incompatible linings can be quickly destroyed by chemicals like hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acid. For example, natural rubber is suited for hydrochloric applications, whereas chlorobutyl is ideal for hydrofluoric uses. Fiberglass or a urethane spray/paint-on coating are two more forms of corrosion-resistant materials. These alternatives may be appealing in terms of cost or speed of installation, but they seldom last as long as a rubber liner. Because fiberglass is hard, it can break with time, and spray-on treatments are thin and sometimes require constant reapplication.

2. Durability

When looking for a corrosion resistant rubber lining, the longevity of a vessel lining solution will always be a priority. Rubber’s toughness makes it ideal for corrosive applications. Temperature and abrasion resistance might have an influence on durability, although rubber consistently outperforms other materials. Certain polymer kinds, for example, can be degraded by UV and ozone exposure, whilst others have built-in weather resilience.

3. Capabilities of Service

Rubber linings can be used to confine corrosive chemicals, oil, water, and other contaminants in a variety of applications. Natural and synthetic rubber compounds, in general, may be employed in a larger range of applications than competing lining materials.

4. The ability to be repaired

There is no such thing as a corrosion-resistant liner that can endure indefinitely. The vessel lining will eventually need to be repaired or replaced totally. Inspection of your linings every two years is recommended by vlucan Co. to assist prevent failure and total replacement. Rubber linings can outlast other lining materials if they are routinely examined. To alleviate stress, more major repairs require a single sheet of rubber layer. Repairability is critical because, while cost is always a consideration, the ability to repair and prolong the life of a lining can pay off in the long run.

Soft Natural Rubber Linings

Natural rubber, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, polyurethane, butyl rubber, styrene-butadiene, nitrile rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, polychlo- roprene, silicone rubber, vinylidene rubber, and others are the most common forms of rubber used in anti-corrosion applications. Natural and synthetic rub – bers are available in various characteristics to meet practically any corrosive situation found in the process industries. Natural rubber is an important agricultural crop or commodity used to make a variety of items. Rubber is an important part of many emerging countries’ socioeconomic fabric. Rubber farming is the primary source of income for more than 20 million households. In addition to hard rubber, soft rubber can be made from natural rubber (NR) and polyisoprene rubber (IR). They have high processability but poor chemical resistance, similar to hard rubber. Soft rubber coatings are typically employed in applications where a high level of mechanical wear is predicted but no significant chemical stress is present. Isobutylene-isoprene rubber (IIR) or ordinary pressed butyl rubber are identical to halogenated products (CIIR) rubber (isobutene-isoprene) – In addition to good resistance to water vapour diffusion, sulphur dioxide diffusion, and hydrofluoric acid diffusion, the vulcanisate has nearly the same chemical resistance qualities as genuine hard rubber. The features of aging and weather resistance, as well as mechanical abrasion resistance, are all important. Only soft rubber may be vulcanized from polychloroprene (CR), which has strong chemical resistance as well as age, weather, and abrasion resistance. When compared to butyl rubbers, the resistance to halogenating and oxidizing environments is lower. When exposed to oils, polychloroprene, on the other hand, has a higher stress resistance. The rather high chlorine concentration (about 25%) offers self-extinguishing qualities as well. However, as compared to butyl rubbers, the diffusion resistance is substantially lower.

Soft Rubber Lining Advantages:

1- Without the use of a pressurized autoclave, soft rubber linings may be vulcanized at relatively low temperatures, such as those found in exhaust steam.

2- Vulcanization of soft rubber linings can also be done in a steam autoclave. When this approach is used, the temperatures are much lower than when using hard rubber, and the time required for proper curing is much less.

3- Chemical cure versions of several soft rubber linings are available. These don’t require any additional heat and are ideal for use in the field or when steam isn’t accessible.

4- Some soft rubber linings are also available in a pre-cured state. These require simply adherence to the specified substrate and a brief cure time for the cold-bond adhesive technology.

5- Soft rubber linings come in a variety of synthetic and natural rubber varieties, as well as combinations of the two. This allows for the selection of rubber linings for extremely particular service conditions, such as chlorobutyl for impermeability, polychloroprene for abrasion, nitrile for hydrocarbons, and EPDM for ozone.

6- Soft rubber lining has a strong impact resistance, so if a tool or other object is dropped on it, or if it is subjected to extreme vibration, such as during transportation, breaking will not occur.

7- Because soft rubber has great compressibility, it will seal properly and not break if utilized as a flange gasket and tightening procedures are followed.

8- Soft rubber linings are often lap-seamed, which means the seam will have a 2-inch overlap, providing for a far more stable connection than a butt-seam, which relies only on the thickness of the lining.

Disadvantages of Soft Rubber Lining:

1- Switching services may be impossible due to the fact that soft rubber linings are generally built for specific service circumstances.

2- Extensive testing is frequently necessary to demonstrate that soft rubber outperforms hard rubber under identical service circumstances.

3- In the uncured state, soft rubber linings require some cooling to provide a satisfactory storage life.

What is Natural Rubber, and How Does It Work?

Natural rubber is a flexible material made from the latex sap of trees, particularly those belonging to the Hevea and Ficus species. Natural rubber is an elastomer or an elastic hydrocarbon polymer in technical terms.

Linings made of natural soft rubber are typically constructed of several varieties of poly soft rubber. Low hardness, great resilience, and flexibility are features of this kind of rubber. They are abrasion-resistant linings that can absorb and repel abrasive forces from the handled material. They can be used to line slurry tanks, pipes, and pumps, among other things. Pickling tanks, storage tanks resistant to hydrochloric acid, and sulphuric solutions employ natural soft rubber linings.

What is the Process of Making Natural Rubber?

Natural rubber is created from the sap of rubber trees as a starting ingredient. Rubber latex is collected by tapping the rubber plants. An incision is cut into the rubber tree’s bark, and the latex sap is collected in cups. The raw natural rubber is refined once the latex sap is collected to make it helpful rubber. Initially, an acid was added to the latex, causing the sap to harden like jelly. The latex jelly was then flattened and rolled into rubber sheets, then hung to dry. Charles Goodyear developed a more complex method of making rubber stronger and more elastic in 1839.

Natural Rubber’s Nature

Hundreds of different plant species are used to make natural rubber. However, the most important source is a tropical tree endemic to the tropical Americas called Hevea brasiliensis. This tree thrives in climates with an annual rainfall of less than 2000mm and temperatures ranging from 21 to 28 degrees. The optimal growth region is roughly 10 degrees on each side of the equator due to these characteristics and the tree’s preferred height of around 600 meters. It is, however, grown further north in China, Mexico, and Guatemala.

Natural Rubber Characteristics

Natural rubber has several distinct characteristics, including the following:

• Natural rubber combines strong tensile and tears strength with excellent fatigue resistance.
• It has great green strength and tack, which means it can attach to itself as well as other materials, making fabrication easier.
• One of its disadvantages is modest resistance to environmental degradation caused by heat, light, and ozone.
• Natural rubber adheres well to brass-plated steel cable, making it perfect for use in rubber tyres.
• It has low hysteresis, generating less heat, preserving new tyre service integrity and extending retreadability.
• The natural rubber has a low rolling resistance and improves fuel efficiency.
• Natural rubber’s applications
• Natural rubber is a good water repellent.
• This may be the most effective defense against infections like the AIDS virus (HIV). Latex is utilized in condoms, surgical and medical examination gloves for this reason.
• Natural rubber is a great material for springs.
• Catheters, balloons, medical tubes, elastic thread, and various adhesives include natural rubber latex.
• It is the only raw material utilized by the car industry, other than rayon.

Rubberwood is a byproduct of natural rubber that is becoming increasingly important. It serves as a supply of charcoal for the local community’s cooking.

Linings made of hard rubber

Poly hard rubber linings are commonly used for hard rubber linings. Chemically resistant linings with excellent flexibility and impact resistance. Some are graphite-based rubber linings with exceptional chemical resistance at high temperatures. In contrast, others are exhaust steam vulcanized rubber linings in vessels that cannot be cured with pressured steam. These durable rubber linings are excellent for storage tanks, reactors, facilities that employ the ion exchange membrane process, pipelines that operate at high temperatures, and so on. This is owing in great part to the inertness of hard rubber, which is caused by the vulcanization process consuming practically all of the carbon-carbon unsaturation sites in the polymer. The bulk of tank liner failures, particularly natural rubber, occur at these locations owing to chemical and physical damage. It’s also worth noting that until the 1940s, natural rubber was the only polymer appropriate and widely accessible for the purpose of corrosion-resistant lining.

Hard natural rubber, hard rubber, and Ebonite are all natural rubber compositions with a high sulfur content and a typical Shore D hardness range of 38-80.The advantages and disadvantages of employing both hard and soft rubber linings as protective membranes will be discussed in this article.

Hard Rubber Lining Advantages:

Vulcanized hard rubber linings’ general inertness is by far the most significant benefit of their use. They are resistant to a wide range of oxidative chemical systems simply because they have nothing to attack.

2- Organic liquids, such as lubricating oils, have a hard time penetrating and swelling these linings. This is due to extraordinarily high crosslinking or crosslink density, which practically leaves no place for anything else to enter the polymer network between molecules.

3- Because hard rubber linings do not include any accelerators, they have a relatively long storage life.

4- Hard rubber has been the only specified liner for many applications due to its long history of applicability as a protective membrane. This implies that any possible replacements must be assessed to see whether they are suitable. This might take a long time because to the projected service life of tank liner goods.

Hard Rubber Lining Disadvantages:

1- Hard rubber linings require substantially longer cure periods at much higher temperatures due to the lack of rubber accelerators. It is not feasible to cure using exhaust steam.

2- Hard rubber has a very low elongation when cured. This implies that if the exterior of a hard rubber-lined vessel is subjected to greater temperatures or a temperature difference, the lining will be unable to extend to meet the subsequent expansion and may fracture.

3- Hard rubber linings have low impact resistance, so if a tool or other object is dropped on them, or if they are subjected to extreme vibration, such as during transportation, breaking will occur.

4- Because hard rubber has a low compressibility, it is likely to break when tightened as a flange gasket.

5- Because hard rubber lining is often butt-seamed, the seam will be a weak spot in any lining project because the adhesive used to join the seams is unlikely to match the lining’s chemical resistance.

Linings made of synthetic rubber

Though natural rubber has been around since the dawn of time, synthetic rubber has only been used for about a century. After 1945, synthetic rubber plants sprung up worldwide, particularly in North America, Japan, and Europe. For the first time, synthetic rubber was used more than natural rubber in 1960. Since then, synthetic rubber has retained its lead. According to a 2001 report, the globe produces roughly 11.5 million tonnes of synthetic rubber each year. The United States is the greatest synthetic rubber manufacturer, followed by China, the European Union, and Japan.

What is Synthetic Rubber, and how does it work?

Rubber is a generic name for macromolecular compounds of natural or synthetic origin (natural rubber (NR) or artificial (synthetic rubber) (SR). One of the varieties of rubber is synthetic rubber. It’s a white, crumbly plastic produced and vulcanized the same way real rubber is. To put it another way, synthetic rubber is a man-made substance with qualities comparable to natural rubber. Unsaturated monomers are polymerized or polycondensed to produce most synthetic rubbers. Synthetic rubbers come in a broad range of colors, textures, and chemical and mechanical qualities to suit a variety of uses.

Synthetic rubbers such as chloprene, butyl, and hypalon are utilized to make various sorts of rubber linings.

Chloprene Rubber Lining- Polyprene rubber linings with strong weathering and ozone cracking resistance are often used for these rubber linings. They’re also more resistant to grease, acid, and abrasion. Desalination facilities, seawater piping, water box linings, CWP site joints, and vessels all benefit from chloprene rubber linings.

Butyl Rubber Lining- Butyl rubber is a chemically resistant material that withstand high temperatures. Because of their low vapor permeability, these rubber linings are also highly long-lasting. As a result, butyl rubber linings are suitable for use in vessels, acid plant pipes, FGD, hypochloride storage, and transport.

Chlorobutyl Rubber Lining: Chlorobutyl rubber linings are comparable to butyl rubber linings in terms of characteristics, but they are easier to apply. They can withstand temperatures of up to 200°F. Cold weather and abrupt temperature swings do not affect these linings.

Hypalon Rubber Linings are made of chloro sulphanated polyethylene rubber, with excellent chemical resistance to oxidizing acids at high concentrations. Pre-vulcanized Hypalon rubber linings are also available. They work well in containers, pipelines with strong acid concentrations, and hypo chlorite applications.

EPDM Rubber Lining has high tensile strength and is resistant to punctures, UV radiation, weathering, and microbial assault.

Variables Affect the Manufacture of Synthetic Rubber

Though World War II was the catalyst for the widespread adoption of synthetic rubber, when governments began establishing facilities to alleviate natural rubber shortages, other factors contributed to creating an alternative or substitute for natural rubber following the war. The following are some major variables that contribute to the creation of synthetic rubber:

• Natural rubber prices are rising on the global market due to the economy’s current status.
• Political activities that cut customers off from raw material sources
• Long distances to travel
• Regional restrictions on the establishment of rubber plantations
• Rubber demand is on the rise across the world.
• Synthetic Rubber’s Applications
• Application of Synthetic Rubber Synthetic rubber, like natural rubber, has a wide range of uses, including the following:
• Tire manufacturing (car, aircraft and bicycle tires)
• Belts for driving
• Seals and hoses for medical equipment
• rugs and carpets
• Belt conveyors
• Parts that have been molded, for example.
• Synthetic Rubber Characteristics
• Synthetic rubber comes in various forms, each with its own set of characteristics. The following are some of the most prevalent characteristics of synthetic rubber:
• Abrasion resistance is improved.
• Elasticity is good.
• Heat and ageing resistance is improved.
• Insulation material for electrical appliances
• Low-temperature flexibility
• Flame-resistant
• Grease and oil resistance, for example

Butyl Rubber (IIR)

Butyl rubber (IIR) is a copolymer comprising isobutylene and a small isoprene with the chemical name Isobutylene-isoprene copolymer. This rubber, sometimes known as polyisobutylene, was first marketed in 1943. The major qualities of butyl rubber are great impermeability or air retention and good flexibility, which are due to low levels of unsaturation between lengthy polyisobutylene segments. Tire innertubes were the first major use of butyl rubber, and they continue to be an important business today.

Butyl Rubber Processing and Vulcanization

Butyl rubber must be synthesized and vulcanized for most purposes to produce functional, long-lasting end products. This is also true for all other rubbers. Butyl grades are created to fulfill specific processing and property requirements therefore, a variety of molecular weights, unsaturation levels, and cure rates are commercially accessible. In identifying the optimum grade of Butyl to utilize in a certain application, both the end-use qualities and the processing equipment are critical. The right fillers, stabilizers, processing aids, and curatives and their proportions critically impact how the compound processes and behaves.

Butyl Rubber’s Characteristics

• Flexibility
• The glass transition temperature is low.
• It’s ozone-resistant.
• At room temperature, it has a lot of damping.
• Ozone resistance is excellent.
• Weathering, heat, and chemical resistance are all good.
• Vibration damper that works well
• Biocompatible, for example.

 

Rubber Linings and Lifter Bars

Rubber materials are increasingly being used for mill grinding and lining operations due to their exceptional wear resistance. Cost-effectiveness, good adaptability to grinding processes, and reduced noise levels provide a healthy working environment as compared to steel linings. Rubber is also significantly lighter than steel, which decreases assembly and disassembly time and ensures a safe working environment by reducing injuries. Rubber outperforms other lining materials due to its flexible nature and ability to dampen grinding forces. Its remarkable wear resistance is due to its flexibility, which is based on strong polymer bonds in its composition, rather than its toughness. Rubber can withstand caustic and abrasive substances. Successful milling processes need a thorough understanding of rubber’s beneficial properties. Various rubber compositions are required for different grinding conditions.

It’s all about the service.

Vulcan Sanat Sepahan Company (also known as VSS Co.) was created in 1992 as a specialist, fully integrated international manufacturing group with a core specialization in rubber manufacturing. This company specializes in different forms of rubber. It focuses on designing and manufacturing in mines, tiles, textiles, port and shipping, rail and wagon, packaging and publishing, steel and vehicle manufacturing with a dependable enterprise. Because of the long experience and background, the experts at this company can provide appropriate solutions in the fields of ultra-heavy rubber products, ball mill liners, various compounds, rubber and wheel coverings, metal molding, and complex element designs. The company’s customer service staff has been able to understand customers’ needs and wants, allowing the company to satisfy the needs of national industries for rubber parts as well as modernize and use laboratory equipment in the field of quality production and employment